Unit or piece production:
Unit or piece production is the manufacture of work pieces which are not to be produced again or are to be produced only after an indefinite time. The production may involve a large number of operations but a minimal of repetition.
In order to keep the cost of the final product within reasonable limits such operations must be done on a general purpose machines and the tooling and set up costs must be kept low. Typical examples of unit production items are special purpose machines and equipment that are generally custom-built to user’s specifications. Most repair jobs can also be included in this category.
Batch or Lot Production:
Batch or lot production is characterized by the manufacture of parts in batches or lots which are repeated periodically .
Several operations are required to be done repeatedly at each workstation.
Additional work holding devices, multi-tool heads and machine fixtures become economically justified with this type of production.
Since the cost of any special tooling gets distributed over a large number of pieces, the cost of individual pieces does not increase appreciably.
On the other hand the production rate, accuracy and repeatability of the products are improved with the use of such tooling.
Batch production is suitable for manufacture of products which are needed in reasonably large numbers with slight variation in size and design.
These includes small engines, pumps, compressors, switch gear, kitchen appliances and so on.
An attempt is always made to utilize maximum number of common components in each design.
Mass Production:
Mass production is characterized by continuous production of goods in large quantities.
The performance of the definite, constantly repeated operation at each work piece is one of the main features of mass production.
The operations in most cases are performed on special purpose machines and may be made partly or fully automatic.
Minimal operator control is required after initial setting of the machine and more than one work station may be assigned to the same operator.
The parts produced are fairly accurate and repeatable except for the slight variation introduced by tool wear.
Inspection is simplified and may be handled by unskilled or semi-skilled workers.
Economics of scale are taken advantage of to go in for new technological processes and faster machines.
Even though first cost of such processes and machines is higher, the variable cost per piece comes down because of faster rate of production and lower machine and labor cost per piece.
Mass production of parts involves a detailed planning of work load and pace at each workplace so that continuity of material flow throughout the production line is assured.
The work done at each station tends to become highly specialized often involving fitting a component, drilling a few holes or tightening some nuts.
The sales volume of the products must be well stabilized so that production rates are independent of individual orders.
The products of a mass production establishment are similar articles of mass consumption with a wide market.
Typical examples of mass-produced products include bicycles, motors, utility items, sewing machines, bottle caps, nuts and bolts and automobile parts.
Unit or piece production is the manufacture of work pieces which are not to be produced again or are to be produced only after an indefinite time. The production may involve a large number of operations but a minimal of repetition.
In order to keep the cost of the final product within reasonable limits such operations must be done on a general purpose machines and the tooling and set up costs must be kept low. Typical examples of unit production items are special purpose machines and equipment that are generally custom-built to user’s specifications. Most repair jobs can also be included in this category.
In order to keep the cost of the final product within reasonable limits such operations must be done on a general purpose machines and the tooling and set up costs must be kept low. Typical examples of unit production items are special purpose machines and equipment that are generally custom-built to user’s specifications. Most repair jobs can also be included in this category.
Batch or Lot Production:
Batch or lot production is characterized by the manufacture of parts in batches or lots which are repeated periodically .
Several operations are required to be done repeatedly at each workstation.
Additional work holding devices, multi-tool heads and machine fixtures become economically justified with this type of production.
Since the cost of any special tooling gets distributed over a large number of pieces, the cost of individual pieces does not increase appreciably.
On the other hand the production rate, accuracy and repeatability of the products are improved with the use of such tooling.
Batch production is suitable for manufacture of products which are needed in reasonably large numbers with slight variation in size and design.
These includes small engines, pumps, compressors, switch gear, kitchen appliances and so on.
An attempt is always made to utilize maximum number of common components in each design.
Mass Production:
Mass production is characterized by continuous production of goods in large quantities.
The performance of the definite, constantly repeated operation at each work piece is one of the main features of mass production.
The operations in most cases are performed on special purpose machines and may be made partly or fully automatic.
Minimal operator control is required after initial setting of the machine and more than one work station may be assigned to the same operator.
The parts produced are fairly accurate and repeatable except for the slight variation introduced by tool wear.
Inspection is simplified and may be handled by unskilled or semi-skilled workers.
Economics of scale are taken advantage of to go in for new technological processes and faster machines.
Even though first cost of such processes and machines is higher, the variable cost per piece comes down because of faster rate of production and lower machine and labor cost per piece.
Mass production of parts involves a detailed planning of work load and pace at each workplace so that continuity of material flow throughout the production line is assured.
The work done at each station tends to become highly specialized often involving fitting a component, drilling a few holes or tightening some nuts.
The sales volume of the products must be well stabilized so that production rates are independent of individual orders.
The products of a mass production establishment are similar articles of mass consumption with a wide market.
Typical examples of mass-produced products include bicycles, motors, utility items, sewing machines, bottle caps, nuts and bolts and automobile parts.
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